INFORMATION SYSTEM, DSS, ESS, MIS PLANNING, DERIVATION, STRATEGIES AND MORE.

Evolution of Information System :

The first business application of computers
(in the mid- 1950s) performed repetitive,
high-volume, transaction-computing tasks.
The computers” crunched numbers”
summarizing and organizing transactions
and data in the accounting, finance, and
human resources areas. Such systems
are generally called transaction processing
systems (TPSs)

„Intelligent Support System (ISSs): Include expert
systems which provide the stored knowledge of
experts to nonexperts, and a new type of
intelligent system with machine- learning
capabilities that can learn from historical cases.
„ Knowledge Management Systems: Support the
creating, gathering, organizing, integrating and
disseminating of organizational knowledge.

„ Data Warehousing: A data warehouse is a
database designed to support DSS, ESS and
other analytical and end-user activities.
„ Mobile Computing: Information systems that
support employees who are working with
customers or business partners outside the
physical boundaries of their company; can be
done over wire or wireless networks.

Decision Support Systems (DSS):

Computer-based information systems that
combine models and data in an attempt to
solve semi-structured and some
unstructured problems with extensive user
involvement.
DSS Characteristics & Capabilities:

Sensitivity analysis. The study of the impact that
changes in one (or more) parts of a model have on other
parts.
What-if analysis. The study of the impact of a change in
the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution.
Goal-seeking analysis. Study that attempts to find the
value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output.

DSS Structure and Components:

•Data management subsystem
•Model management subsystem
•User interface
•Users
•Knowledge-based subsystems
•DSS Computing Environment.

Emerging Types of DSS :

Frontline decision making. The process by
which companies automate the decision
processes and push them down into the
organization and sometimes out to
partners.
Real-Time Decision Support. The systems
that supports business decisions that must
be made at the right time and frequently
under time pressure.


Group Decision Support Systems:

Virtual group. A group whose members
are in different locations.
Group decision support system (GDSS).
An interactive computer-based system that
supports the process of finding solutions
by a group of decision makers.
Decision room. A face-to-face setting for a
group DSS, in which terminals are
available to the participants.

Executive Support Systems:

Organizational decision support system
(ODSS): A DSS that focuses on an
organizational task or activity involving a
sequence of operations and decision
makers.
Executive information system (EIS): A
computer-based technology designed in
response to the specific needs of
executive support system (ESS).
The Capabilities of an ESS.

Expert Systems (ES):

A computer system that attempts to mimic
human experts by applying reasoning
methodologies or knowledge in a specific
domain.
Expertise and knowledge
Expertise is the extensive, task-specific knowledge
acquired from training, reading and experience. The
transfer of expertise from an expert to computer and
then to the user involves four activities:
Knowledge acquisition: Knowledge is from experts or from
documented sources.
Knowledge representation: Acquired knowledge is
organized as rules or frames (objective-oriented) and
stored electronically in a knowledge base.
Knowledge inferencing: Given the necessary expertise
stored in the knowledge base, the computer is
programmed so that it can make inferences. The
reasoning function is performed in a component called the
inference engine, which is the brain of ES.
Knowledge transfer: The inferred expertise is transferred
to the user in the form of a recommendation.

Expert Systems Components
:

•Knowledge base
•Inference engine
•User interface
•Blackboard
•Explanation •subsystem

MIS AS A TECHNIQUE OF PROGRAMMED DECISIONS:


A programmed decision is used to solve routine, repetitive but complex problems. These techniques are also called as Quantitative Techniques. The managers working at lower-level of managementmake these decisions.

Various Approaches or Techniques for making programmed decisions are:-

1. Linear Programming


Linear Programming is a quantitative technique. It is used to decide how to distribute the limited resources for achieving the objectives. Here, linear, means the relationship between variables, and programming means taking decisions systematically. Linear programming is used when two or more activities are competing for limited resources. For e.g. product mix decisions, inventory management decisions, etc. Linear programing is used for Agriculture, Industry, Contract biding and Evaluation of tenders.


2. Decision Tree


A decision tree is a diagram which shows all the possible alternatives of a decision. All this information can be seen at one glance. It is also easy to understand. A decision tree is like a horizontal tree. The base of the tree is called theDecision Point. From this point, the different alternatives and sub-alternatives are shown as branches and sub-branches. The manager must study all the alternatives very carefully and select the best alternative.


3. Game Theory


A game is a situation involving at least two people. Each persons decision is based on what he expects the other to do. Game theory is used for deciding about competitive pricing. For e.g. A company may increase the price of its product when it feels that the competitor may also increase the price. For e.g. Pepsi will increase its price if it feels that Coca Cola will also increase its price. Here, both decisions- makers adapt to each other's decisions.


4. Simulation


Simulation technique is used to decide about complex problems. The effect of the decision is observed in a simulated situation and not in a real situation. For e.g. A company can find out the effectiveness of its new advertisement by first showing it to few people before telecasting it on TV.


5. Queueing Theory


This technique is used to find solutions to the waiting list problems in case of airline reservations, railway reservations, college admissions, etc. Queueing theory helps to find out the optimum number of service facilities required and the cost of these services. For e.g. A transport company may introduce more vehicles to carry the passengers in the waiting list. This will prevent the passengers from going to the competitor's company.


6. Network Techniques


Managers use network techniques like PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method) for complex projects, where many activities have to be completed. With the help of these techniques, complex projects can be completed as per the schedule. Network techniques save time and cost.


7. Probability Decision Theory


Probability Decision theory is based on the assumption that the future is uncertain. There is a chance that a certain event may or may not take place. Based on available data and subjective judgement of the manager, various probabilities are assigned (given) to alternative courses of action (decision). The likely / possible outcomes of different alternatives are evaluated, and the most likely alternative is selected.


8. Payoff Matrix


Payoff matrix is a statistical technique, which helps managers to choose the best alternative. A payoff is the return or reward for selecting the best alternative. The best alternative can be a combination of many alternatives or a single alternative. For e.g. A manager may decide to increase sales and profit by increasing advertising, improving quality of the product, reducing the price, etc. Each alternative or a combination of alternatives may provide an expected reward.

GENERAL BUSINESS PLANNING:

1. Executive summary

Write this last. It’s just a page or two that highlights the points you’ve made elsewhere in your business plan.

It’s also the doorway to your plan—after looking over your executive summary, your target reader is either going to throw your business plan away or keep reading, so you’d better get it just right.

Summarize the problem you are solving for customers, your solution, the target market, the founding team, and financial forecast highlights. Keep things as brief as possible and entice your audience to learn more about your company.

2. Opportunity

Describe the problem that you solve for your customers and the solution that you are selling.

It is always a good idea to think in terms of customer needs and customer benefits as you define your product offerings, rather than thinking of your side of the equation (how much the product or service costs, and how you deliver it to the customer).

Sometimes this part of the plan will include tables that provide more details, such as a bill of materials or detailed price lists, but more often than not this section just describes what you are selling and how your products and services fill a need for your customers.

3. Market analysis summary

You need to know your target market—the types of customers you are looking for—and how it’s changing.

Use this section to discuss your customers’ needs, where your customers are, how to reach them and how to deliver your product to them.

You’ll also need to know who your competitors are and how you stack up against them—why are you sure there’s room for you in this market?

4. Execution

Use this section to outline your marketing plan, your sales plan, and the other logistics involved in actually running your business.

You’ll want to cover the technology you plan on using, your business location and other facilities, special equipment you might need, and your roadmap for getting your business up and running. Finally, you’ll want to outline the key metrics you’ll be tracking to make sure your business is headed in the right direction.

5. Company and management summary

This section is an overview of who you are.

It should describe the organization of your business, and the key members of the management team, but it should also ground the reader with the nuts and bolts: when your company was founded, who is/are the owner(s), what state your company is registered in and where you do business, and when/if your company was incorporated.

Be sure to include summaries of your managers’ backgrounds and experience—these should act like brief resumes—and describe their functions with the company. Full-length resumes should be appended to the plan.

6. Financial plan

At the very least this section should include your projected profit and lossand cash flow tables, and a brief description of the assumptions you’re making with your projections.

You may also want to include yourbalance sheet, your sales forecast,business ratios, and a break-even analysis.

Finally, if you are raising money or taking out loans, you should highlight the money you need to launch the business.

PRIORITIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES:

MIS design and development process has to address the following issues successfully:

There should be effective communication between the developers and users of the system.

There should be synchronization in understanding of management, processes and IT among the users as well as the developers.

Understanding of the information needs of managers from different functional areas and combining these needs into a single integrated system.

Creating a unified MIS covering the entire organization will lead to a more economical, faster and more integrated system, however it will increase in design complexity manifold.

The MIS has to be interacting with the complex environment comprising all other sub-systems in the overall information system of the organization. So, it is extremely necessary to understand and define the requirements of MIS in the context of the organization.

It should keep pace with changes in environment, changing demands of the customers and growing competition.

It should utilize fast developing in IT capabilities in the best possible ways.

Cost and time of installing such advanced IT-based systems is high, so there should not be a need for frequent and major modifications.

It should take care of not only the users i.e., the managers but also other stakeholders like employees, customers and suppliers.

Once the organizational planning stage is over, the designer of the system should take the following strategic decisions for the achievement of MIS goals and objectives:

Development Strategy: Example - an online, real-time batch.

System Development Strategy: Designer selects an approach to system development like operational verses functional, accounting verses analysis.

Resources for the Development: Designer has to select resources. Resources can be in-house verses external, customized or use of package.

Manpower Composition: The staffs should have analysts, and programmers.

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MEMORIES

Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
A memory is primarily of 3 types:
1. Cache memory
2. Primary memory or main memory
3. Secondary memory

1.Cache memory:
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

Advantages:
(i)Cache memory is faster than main memory.
(ii)It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
(iii)It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
(iv)It stores data for temporary use.
Disadvantages:
(v)Cache memory has limited capacity.
(vi)It is very expensive.

2. Primary memory or main memory:

(i)These are semiconductor memories.
(ii)It is known as the main memory.
(iii)Usually volatile memory.
(iv)Data is lost in case power is switched off.
(v)It is the working memory of the computer.
(vi)Faster than secondary memories.
(vii)A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

A. RAM:

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.

Types of RAM:

1.SRAM
2.DRAM

1.SRAM:

The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not be refreshed on a regular basis.

2.DRAM:

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells, which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

B. ROM:

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.

Types of ROM:

1.PROM
2.EPROM
3.EEPROM
4.UVEPROM

1.PROM:

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once.

2.EPROM:

EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than 10 years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultraviolet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid). This exposure to ultraviolet light dissipates the charge. During normal use, the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.

3.EEPROM:

EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.

4.UVEPROM:

In UVEPROM the contents can be deleted by directly exposing it to sunlight. Because of the UV rays the contents are washed or deleted from it.

3. SECONDARY MEMORY:
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Types of secondary memory:

1.hard-disks
2.floply disks
3.cd-rom
Etc

1.Hard-disk:
A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that contains several billion bytes(gigabytes)of storage.

When you save data or install programs on your computer, the information is typically written to your hard disk. The hard disk is a spindle of magnetic disks, called platters, that record and store information. Because the data is stored magnetically, information recorded to the hard disk remains intact after you turn your computer off. This is an important distinction between the hard disk and RAM, or memory, which is reset when the computer's power is turned off.
The hard disk is housed inside the hard drive, which reads and writes data to the disk. The hard drive also transmits data back and forth between the CPU and the disk. When you save data on your hard disk, the hard drive has to write thousands, if not millions, of ones and zeros to the hard disk. It is an amazing process to think about, but may also be a good incentive to keep a backup of your data.

2.Floppy disk:

A floppy disk is a magnetic storage medium for computer systems. The floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible magnetic disk sealed in a square plastic carrier. In order to read and write data from a floppy disk, a computer system must have a floppy disk drive (FDD). A floppy disk is also referred to simply as a floppy. Since the early days of personal computing, floppy disks were widely used to distribute software, transfer files, and create back-up copies of data. When hard drives were still very expensive, floppy disks were also used to store the operating system of a computer.
A number of different types of floppy disks have been developed. The size of the floppy got smaller, and the storage capacity increased. However, in the 1990s, other media, including hard disk drives, ZIP drives, optical drives, and USB flash drives, started to replace floppy disks as the primary storage medium.

3.CD-ROM:

CD ROM, stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory, it is a type of storing data that goes up to 1 GB. It is an optical disk that has the capacity to store data, music files, video files etc. A single one has the average capacity to store the memory of about 700 floppy disk, which is equal to 3000,000 text pages. Once it is filled up with data, new data cannot be entered on it. First of all it was designed to store only the music and video files, but later this format has also been adapted to store the binary data of the computer. They are particularly used to distribute the computer software that can include, games, multimedia application etc.

Their appearance is identical with the audio disk, and all the data that is stored in it is retrieved in the same manner. The disc of the CD ROM is 1.2 mm thick and has a thin layer of aluminum that makes a reflective surface.

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MIS LECTURE 1 BY AANCHAL SRIVASTAVA

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

MIS(INTRODUCTION, MEANING, ROLE, IMPROTANCE, ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES,SYSTEM APPROACH,MIS ORGANIZATION, DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL THEORY, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR)

INTRODUCTION TO MIS:

MIS STANDS FOR MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM.IT IS A COMPUTER BASED SYSTEM THAT PROVIDES FLEXIBLE AND SPEEDY ACCESS TO ACCURATE DATA. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS COMPUTER BASED SYSTEM (C.I.S.)

DEFINITION OF MIS:

MIS IS DEFINED AS AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF MAN AND MACHINE FOR PROVIDING THE INFORMATION TO SUPPORT THE OPERATIONS, THE MANAGEMENT AND THE DECISION- MAKING FUNCTIONS IN THE ORGANIZATION. SHORT ATTENDENCE, LOAN TAKEN BY PEOPLE, PRODUCT TREND ANALYSIS, ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF CERTAIN RESULTS PROVIDED BY THE SPECIFIED MIS.

MEANING OF MIS:

MIS MEANS A SET OF COMPUTER BASED SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES IMPLEMENTED TO HELP MANAGERS IN THEIR CRUCIAL JOB OF DECISION MAKING. THE ACTUAL PROCESS OF IT INVOLVES THE COLLECTION, ORGANISATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE OF ORGANISATION-WIDE INFORMATION FOR MANAGERIAL ANALYSIS AND CONTROL. MIS COMPRISES OF MANAGEMENT, INFORMATION AND SYSTEM MANAGEMENT EMPHASISES THE ULTIMATE USE OF SUCH INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING , RATHER THAN MERELY STRESSING ON TECHNOLOGY.INFORMATION HIGHLIGHTS ON PROCESSED DATA RATHER THAN RAW DATA.SYSTEM EMPHASISES A FAIR DEGREE OF INTEGRATION AND A HOLISTIC VIEW.  

ROLE OR OBJECTIVES OF MIS:

•FACILITATE
•PROVIDE REQUISITE INFORMATION
•HELP
•SUPPORT
•PROVIDE A SYSTEM OF PEOPLE

FACILITATE:

MIS FACILITATES THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS BY FURNISHING INFORMATION IN THE PROPER TIME FRAME. THIS HELPS THE DECISION MAKER TO SELECT THE BEST COURSE OF MANAGEMENT.

PROVIDE REQUISITE INFORMATION:

MIS PROVIDES REQUISITE INFORMATION AT EACH LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT TO CARRY OUT THEIR FUNCTION.

HELP:

MIS HELPS IN HIGHLIGHTING THE CRITICAL INFORMATION OR FACTORS TO THE CLOSELY MONITORED FOR SUCCESSFUL FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISATION.

SUPPORT:

MIS SUPPORTS DECISION MAKING IN BOTH STRICTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED PROBLEM ENVIRONMENT.

PROVIDE A SYSTEM OF PEOPLE:

MIS PROVIDES A SYSTEM OF PEOPLE, COMPUTERS, PROCEDURES, INTERACTIVEL QUERY FACILITIES, DOCUMENTS FOR COLLECTING, STORING, RETRIEVING, AND TRANSMITTING INFORMATION TO THE USERS.

ADVANTAGES OF MIS:

•USING MIS, COMPANIES ARE ABLE TO IDENTITY THEIR STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES.
•IT PROVIDES OVERALL PICTURE OF AN ORGANISATION.
•IT ACTS AS A COMMUNICATION AND PLANING TOOL.
•IT PROVIDES AVAILABILITY OF CUSTOMER DATA AND FEEDBACK THAT HELPS THE COMPANY FOR PROCESSING ACCORDING TO THE NEEDS OF THE CUSTOMERS.
•MIS IS AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND SO IT GIVES BUSINESS OWNERS THE ABILITY TO COLLECT, PROCESS AND ENTERPRET DATA.

DISADVANTAGES OF MIS:

•DATA QUALITY ISSUES: ONE OF THE PROBLEM WITHIN AN MIS FRAMEWORK IS THAT THE QUALITY OF THE SYSTEM DEPENDS LARGELY ON THE QUALITY OF DATA. IF THE DATA IS INSUFFICIENT, INCORRECT AND MISPLACED, THE DECISIONS THAT MANAGERS MAKE BASED ON THE DATA CAN BE FAULTY.
•SECURITY ISSUES: MIS INCLUDES SOME DATA SECURITY ISSUES. For example: hackers may identify the corporate sensitive data.

NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF MIS:

NATURE: MIS IS BOTH ART AND SCIENCE. IT IS AN ART BECAUSE IT APPLIES ALL THE TACTS AND SKILLS. IT IS A SCIENCE BECAUSE IT USES THE LAWS, POLICIES, PROCEDURES, RULES, REGULATIONS AND PRINCIPLES.
IMPORTANCE: MIS IS IMPORTANT BOTH TO COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDENTS. IT PLAYS A IMPORTANT ROLE IN ANALYSING, INTERFACE DESIGNING, USER INTERACTION AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT, AND IN DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS INDEPENDENTLY.

DIFFERENT FIELDS WHERE MIS IS USED:

•OIL EXPLORATION
•SPACE EXPLORATION
•WEATHER FORECASTING
•MARKET ANALYSIS
•FINANCIAL PLANNING
•PRODUCTION PLANNIG
•HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
•TRANSPORTATION
•COMMUNICATION
•HEAVY INDUSTRIES
•CHEMICALS
•SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
•CARE
•TOURISM
•HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
•EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
•OTHERS.

SYSTEM APPROACH TO MIS:

MIS FOLLOWS THE SYSTEM APPROACH , WHICH IMPLIES A STEP BY STEP APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF SYSTEM AND IT'S PERFORMANCE IN THE LIGHT OF THE OBJECTIVE FOR WHICH IT HAS BEEN CONSTITUTED. IT MEANS TAKING A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OR A COMPLETE LOOK AT THE  INTERLOCKING SUB-SYSTEMS THAT OPERATES WITHIN A ORGANISATION.

SYSTEM APPROACH USES A SYSTEM ORIENTATION TO DEFINE A PROBLEM AND DEVELOP SOLUTIONS

IT INVOLVES FOLLOWING INTERRELATED ACTIVITIES:

1.DEFINE THE PROBLEM
2.DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
3.SELECT SOLUTION
4.DESIGN THE SOLUTION
5.IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION

REASONS FOR SYSTEM APPROACH:
•INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF BUSINESS
•INCREASED COMPLEXITY OF MANAGEMENT

Types of the System in the Management Information Systems:

1.CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM
2.EMPIRICAL SYSTEM
3.OPEN SYSTEM
4.CLOSED SYSTEM
5.NATURAL SYSTEM
6.ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM
7.PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM 8.DETERMINISTIC SYSTEM

1.CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM

Are theoretical and explanatory in the nature.Provide the much needed clarification.Provide theoretical framework for which there may or may not be any real life counterpart.E.g. of such systems can be philosophy, theology etc.

2.EMPIRICAL SYSTEM:

Are very practical, specific and also very operational in the nature.Can be based on the conceptual system.Examination system, surgery act as very good examples of the empirical systems.

3. OPEN SYSTEM:

Involve continuous interaction with the environment.So exchanges the information, material, energy with the environment.Is open and also self organizing in the nature.Is also adoptive or adaptive to the changing environment as it is flexible.

4.CLOSED SYSTEM:

Shuns any kind of the exchange with the environment.Is rigid in nature.Is not at all amenable to the change.Is also self contained.Is somewhat isolated in the nature.Is having a well defined boundary.Is not at all adaptive in the nature

5. NATURAL SYSTEM:

Such Systems exist and also abound in the nature.Are also not at all the results of the human endeavors.Rivers, mountains, minerals etc. are the major examples of the natural Systems.

6. ARTIFICIAL OR MAN MADE SYSTEM:

Are manufactured (man made).Examples of such Systems are dams, canals, roads, machines, factories etc

7. PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM:

Based on the predictability of the behavior or the outcome.

8. DETERMINISTIC SYSTEM:

In such Systems, the interaction of the elements is known.As the behavior of the elements is pre determined, it becomes possible to work upon the reaction well in the advance.

SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE:

•STUDY PHASE
•DESIGN PHASE
•DEVELOPMENT PHASE
•IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

STUDY PHASE:

STUDY PHASE INCLUDES •IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEMS
•STUDY OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM
•IDENTIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF IT'S ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ACTION
•SELECTION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE COURSE OF ACTION AS PER THE OBJECTIVE.

DESIGN PHASE:

•IDENTIFICATION OF THE FUNCTIONS TO BE PERFORMED
•STUDY OF THE INPUT/OUTPUT LIFE CYCLE DESIGN
•DEFINING BASIC PARAMETERS OF SYSTEM DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT PHASE:

•IN THIS STAGE, THE DECISION ABOUT SELECTION AND USE OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IS TAKEN.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE:

THE SYSTEM SO DESIGNED IS GIVEN PRACTICAL SHAPE AND IS ADOPTED FOR USE.

MIS ORGANIZATION:

Management information system, or MIS, broadly refers to a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate and efficiently manage departments within an organization.

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISATIONAL THEORIES:

Organisational developement or OD emerged out of human relations studies from the 1930s where psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.Lewin's work in the 1940s and 1950s also helped show that feedback was a valuable tool in addressing social processes.More recently, work on OD has expanded to focus on aligning organizations with their rapidly changing and complex environments through organizational learning, knowledge management and transformation of organizational norms and values

ORGANISATIONAL theories development:

The development of ORGANISATIONAL theories focuses on organisational climate, culute, strategies, time, rules, regulations, policies, procedures, principles, ideas, faster processing and management.


MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR:

ORGANIZATINAL BEHAVIOR OR OB IS THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN AN ORGANISATION. IT IS ACTUALLY THE INTERFACE BETWEEN HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION.
THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOR STUDY IN WHICH HUMANS WORKING IN THE ORGANIZATION ARE JUDGED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR BEHAVIOR AND TRAINING, GUIDANCE, WARNING ARE GIVEN OR NECESSARY ACTIONS ARE TAKEN THEREOF.